justice (6do encyclopedia)



Justice is a fundamental concept in many moral, legal, and ethical systems that govern societies around the world. The concept of justice is a complex and multifaceted idea that can be interpreted in a variety of ways, but ultimately refers to the fair and equitable treatment of individuals within society. The importance of justice cannot be overstated, as it is essential for maintaining a stable, functional society in which individuals’ rights are protected and upheld.

One of the most common interpretations of justice is that it is synonymous with fairness. Fairness is typically understood as the impartial and equal treatment of individuals under the law. In this sense, justice is often considered to be a matter of applying rules and regulations equally to all members of society, regardless of their social status, economic background, or personal characteristics. This understanding of justice is closely tied to the concept of the rule of law, which states that everyone, including those in positions of power and authority, are subject to the same laws and regulations.

Another important aspect of justice is the concept of retribution. Retribution is the idea that individuals who have violated the law must be punished in a way that is proportional to their wrongdoing. This punishment is meant to serve as a deterrent to others who might consider engaging in similar behavior, and to restore a sense of balance or justice to the affected community. Retribution focuses on the idea that individuals must be held accountable for their actions, regardless of their social standing or personal circumstances.

While retribution is an important aspect of justice, it is not the only consideration. Many supporters of justice argue that rehabilitation and restorative justice are equally important. Rehabilitation seeks to reform individuals who have engaged in criminal behavior, often through a combination of education, therapy, and other interventions. Restorative justice, on the other hand, emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and restoring relationships between the offender and the affected party. Both of these approaches focus on preventing future harm and promoting healing within communities.

In addition to these types of justice, there are also a number of specialized forms of justice that are specific to certain fields or contexts. For example, environmental justice refers to the fair treatment of all people, regardless of their race or socioeconomic status, in regards to the distribution of environmental benefits and the burdens of pollution and environmental degradation. Juvenile justice, meanwhile, focuses on the rights and interests of children and young people caught up in the criminal justice system.

The principles of justice are often embodied in legal codes and frameworks. These frameworks outline the rights and responsibilities of individuals within society and establish a system of checks and balances to ensure that justice is fairly and consistently applied. However, legal frameworks are not always perfect, and there are instances of systemic injustice within many societies. For example, racial discrimination and bias in the criminal justice system is a persistent problem in many countries around the world. Many people believe that it is the responsibility of governments to address these issues and work towards creating a more just society.

Overall, justice is an essential element in maintaining a functional, equitable society. It encompasses a variety of ideas and perspectives, but ultimately focuses on ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and equitably within their communities. While there are many challenges to achieving justice in practice, it remains a fundamental value that is worth fighting for.


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Erdogan under pressure as Turkey heads to polls after fraught campaign

The Independent

23-05-14 10:43


Elections that could determine the future of Turkey have seen voters make their way in particularly high numbers to the nation's polling stations, citing the economy as their primary concern. President Recep Tayyp Erdogan's Justice and Development Party (AKP) has dominated Turkish politics for over two decades, but there are increasing concerns about the authoritarian drift it has brought with it, and the turnout will include 5 million first-time voters whose allegiances remain unclear.

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkey-elections-erdogan-violence-voting-b2338551.html
Pressure grows on UK to stop ‘abusive litigation’ by oligarchs against critics

Financial Times

23-05-14 10:19


The UK government has introduced new sanctions measures to prevent Russian oligarchs from pursuing legal actions against journalists, author and campaigners. Since 2022, 1,300 people and entities linked to President Vladimir Putin have been subject to sanctions in the UK. The country’s Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation has amended its Russian and Belarusian legal services general licence, removing authorisation for legal fees relating to defamation cases. UK law firms have faced lawsuits designed to “harass or intimidate” writers into silence, with the threat of lengthy litigation and high costs used against them. Freedom of speech campaigners argue that the measures should go further.

https://www.ft.com/content/99e45700-b610-47f1-a7e6-160451355ae1
Four Russian military aircraft ‘shot down’ inside home territory

The Sydney Morning Herald

23-05-14 07:21


Unverified reports that Ukraine has hit four Russian fighter jets and helicopters near the border have been circulating online. The Russian fighter-bomber Su-34, Su-35 fighter and two Mi-8 helicopters were shot down in the Bryansk region, adjoining northeast Ukraine, according to Kommersant, a Russian news outlet. Pro-Ukrainian bloggers said it was a “spectacular coup” for Ukraine. German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier is set to meet Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to discuss the conflict's reinforcement after Ukraine garnered bigger military support from Germany.

https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/four-russian-military-aircraft-shot-down-inside-home-territory-20230514-p5d8at.html
Turkey's upbeat Kilicdaroglu says election will bring a new spring

Reuters

23-05-14 06:09


Turkish opposition leader Kemal Kilicdaroglu, standing against incumbent Tayyip Erdogan in Sunday’s vote, has claimed he can bring spring to the country after two decades of his competitor’s rule. Kilicdaroglu, who leads the Republican People’s Party, has campaigned on promises including a return to an orthodox economy and reinstating the parliamentary system and the independence of the judiciary. Opinion polls indicate he holds a lead over Erdogan. Critics, however, argue that he lacks his opponent’s powerful, domineering style which could be necessary to steer his alliance.

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-upbeat-kilicdaroglu-says-election-will-bring-new-spring-2023-05-14/
Syria’s main insurgent group seeks to move away from al-Qaida past, get off Western terrorism lists

The Toronto Star

23-05-14 05:50


The leader of Hayat Tahrir al Sham, better known as HTS, is trying to distance the extremist group from its al-Qaida origins and rebrand with a message of pluralism and religious tolerance, according to the Associated Press. Abu Mohammed al-Golani rose to notoriety over the past decade for claiming deadly bombings and leading the Islamist religious police to crack down on women deemed to be dressing immodestly. To rebrand the group as controlling Idlib and to guarantee a place for himself in Syria once the conflict ends, al-Golani cracked down on extremist factions and dissolved the religious police. He even allowed a Mass to be performed at a church for the first time in over a decade. The pivot comes at a time when al-Golani's group is increasingly isolated. Countries that had once backed insurgents in Syria's uprising-turned-civil-war are restoring relations with Syrian President Bashar Assad. The United States considers HTS a terrorist group and has offered a $10 million reward for information on al-Golani's whereabouts and the United Nations also designates it a terrorist organization.

https://www.thestar.com/news/world/middleeast/2023/05/14/syrias-main-insurgent-group-seeks-to-move-away-from-al-qaida-past-get-off-western-terrorism-lists.html
House GOP lawmaker readies contempt charge over Afghanistan dissent cable

Associated Press

23-05-16 00:23


The chair of the US House Foreign Affairs Committee has said he will push forward a legislative effort to hold US Secretary of State, Antony Blinken, in contempt of Congress if he does not release a classified cable sent from US diplomats in Kabul shortly before the chaotic withdrawal from Afghanistan. Rep Michael McCaul, a Republican from Texas, has been demanding access to the cable as part of a larger inquiry into the withdrawal. Should a contempt of Congress charge go ahead, it would be voted on and require a full committee vote and while not leading to prosecution, the charge would be referred to the US Department of Justice to consider charges.

https://apnews.com/article/blinken-mccaul-afghanistan-withdrawal-kabul-e5710fb04c170739b3de1bec02d15daa
Report faults FBI’s handling of probe into alleged Trump-Russia collusion

Financial Times

23-05-15 23:19


The FBI's investigation into the links between the Trump administration and the Russian government during the 2016 presidential election lacked analytical rigour and was biased, according to a report by John Durham, a special counsel appointed by the Trump administration. Durham's report found that both US intelligence and law enforcement had no evidence of collusion when the FBI launched the probe five years ago. However, the report didn't recommend further legal action. Durham's office has already laid three criminal cases in connection with the investigation, resulting in one guilty plea and two acquittals.

https://www.ft.com/content/913f769f-29ef-4506-a120-d0163af351ea
US Senate confirms Biden nominee as DC Circuit's 1st Latino judge

Reuters

23-05-15 23:07


Bradley Garcia has become the first Latino to serve on the US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit, following his confirmation by the Senate. Garcia, a former lawyer at O'Melveny & Myers and current member of the US Justice Department, was nominated by President Joe Biden and approved by a vote of 53-40. Senators Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, Susan Collins of Maine and Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, who are Republicans, voted in his favor. The DC Circuit court is considered the second most important federal court in the US, after the US Supreme Court.

https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/us-senate-confirms-biden-nominee-dc-circuits-1st-latino-judge-2023-05-15/
Trump claimed the Durham probe would uncover the ‘crime of the century.’ Here’s what it really found

The Toronto Star

23-05-15 22:59


An investigation looking into the origins of the FBI's probe into ties between Russia and Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign has concluded, finding major flaws. The inquiry, the culmination of a four-year investigation into possible misconduct by US government officials, contained withering criticism for the FBI but few significant revelations. Nonetheless, it is seen as giving fodder to both Trump supporters who have long denounced the Russia investigation, as well as Trump opponents who say the Durham team's meager court record shows their probe was a politically motivated farce. The report found that the FBI acted too hastily and relied on raw and unconfirmed intelligence when it opened the Trump-Russia investigation, and that FBI investigators fell prone to “confirmation bias,” ignoring or rationalising away information that could have undercut the premise of their investigation. Durham said it is possible more reform could be needed, and that providing additional scrutiny of politically sensitive investigations by identifying an official who would be responsible for challenging the steps taken in a probe would be ideal.

https://www.thestar.com/news/world/us/2023/05/15/trump-claimed-the-durham-probe-would-uncover-the-crime-of-the-century-heres-what-it-really-found.html
Trump claimed the Durham probe would uncover the 'crime of the century.' Here's what it really found

The Independent

23-05-15 22:57


A report investigating the origins of the FBI’s probe into allegations of Russian links to Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign has criticised the bureau, but contains few significant or new revelations. The long-awaited report was submitted by a special prosecutor appointed by the Justice Department, John Durham, and comes after a four-year inquiry into potential misconduct by US government officials. Durham, who has served for decades as a Justice Department prosecutor, led investigations into the CIA’s destruction of videotapes, and the FBI’s links with mobsters in Boston. Durham’s report criticised the FBI for using flawed information and acting with “confirmation bias” when opening the Trump-Russia investigation, and suggested that it did not have credible grounds for doing so. Although he did not recommend steps to curtail the FBI’s investigative authorities, Durham did suggest additional scrutiny for politically sensitive investigations, including the assignment of an official to challenge decisions made during such cases.

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/fbi-ap-donald-trump-durham-william-barr-b2339449.html
Police barred from requesting rape victims’ medical and school records

Telegraph

23-05-16 06:00


Police will no longer be able to access the therapy, medical, school or other information relating to a rape victim unless it is deemed essential, according to proposals after a government consultation. Officials will also face a legal obligation to tell victims what information is being sought, and why. Pressure had been mounting to revise the rules after reports that rapes increased sharply during the pandemic while conviction rates fell to as low as 1.3% in some areas.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/16/police-barred-rape-victims-medical-records-request/
Video shows security guard shooting dead transgender activist

The Independent

23-05-16 04:41


Surveillance footage showing the final moments of Banko Brown, a 24-year-old transgender activist who was shot dead outside a Walgreens store in San Francisco, has been released. Brown had been stopped by security guard Michael Earl-Wayne Anthony, who was filmed repeatedly punching him. After Brown picked up a bag he had dropped, he turned back towards Anthony, who then fatally shot him. The guard has claimed self-defence, a claim noted by District Attorney Brooke Jenkins, who has declined to charge Anthony. The shooting on 27 April had provoked a public outcry.

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/banko-brown-killing-footage-san-francisco-b2339498.html
‘Cult mom’ Lori Vallow pictured in new mugshot after murder conviction

The Independent

23-05-16 04:38


Lori Vallow has been convicted of first-degree murder, conspiracy, and grand theft following the deaths of her two children and conspiracy to murder Chad Daybell's first wife. Vallow's daughter, Tylee Ryan, 16, and son, Joshua "JJ" Vallow, 7, were last seen in September 2019, with their remains discovered on the Daybell property in June 2020. Tammy Daybell, Vallow's co-conspirator and Chad Daybell's current wife, died one month after the children's disappearance. Prosecutors alleged that Vallow conspired with her brother Alex Cox and Mr Daybell to murder the three victims, motivated both by their doomsday cult beliefs and by greed.

Following the verdict, Vallow is to be extradited to Arizona to face charges of conspiracy to murder her fourth husband Charles Vallow as well as new charges relating to the attempted murder of Brandon Boudreaux. Mr Vallow was shot and killed by Alex Cox in July 2019, with Cox dying of what was initially described as natural causes in December of that year. Boudreaux was the victim of a drive-by shooting which occurred in October 2019, in what prosecutors describe as an attempted murder intended to deflect attention from the investigation into the Vallow case.

The case has been watched by millions with its twists and turns involving doomsday commands, several deaths shrouded in mystery, and multiple marriages. Vallow and Daybell believed that the end of the world was near and that they embodied two members of a divine group of 144,000, according to court documents.


https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/lori-vallow-new-mugshot-chad-daybell-verdict-b2339526.html

Perth contracts manager forced to pay billionaire former boss’ legal bill

The Age

23-05-16 04:16


Steven Pigozzo, former contracts manager of Mineral Resources owned by billionaire Chris Ellison, has been ordered by the Federal Court to pay at least half of Ellison and Mineral Resources’ legal bills. Pigozzo, who has been accused of insider trading, misusing confidential information and pocketing commissions, previously filed a lawsuit against the firm and Ellison. The recent decision marks the latest development in a legal battle that has lasted over a year and has seen several of Pigozzo's claims struck out on the basis of ambiguity or legal privilege.

https://www.theage.com.au/national/western-australia/perth-contracts-manager-forced-to-pay-billionaire-former-boss-legal-bill-20230516-p5d8rg.html
Erdogan scores win through culture wars and soft authoritarianism

Washington Post

23-05-16 04:00


Recep Tayyip Erdogan's AKP and its allies managed to retain control of parliament and put Erdogan close to securing another presidency win. Preceding the election, key political opponents were harassed, imprisoned or dogged by the threat of prosecution on spurious charges, state institutions were populated with Erdogan loyalists and the business sector’s allies turned once-independent media companies into pro-government outlets. International observers stated the vote was free but referenced the country’s quasi-authoritarian subtext, including restrictions on fundamental freedoms of assembly, association and expression which hindered the participation of some opposition politicians and parties. Erdogan demonised the opposition in the campaign and leveraged deep-seated resentment harboured by his pious, nationalist support base against Turkey’s traditionally secular, coastal elites. The Table of Six parties that united around opposition leader Kemal Kilicdaroglu during the election campaign and his success was reliant on the Kurdish vote may not be able to maintain their solidarity for much longer. The result demonstrated how Erdogan is able to manoeuvre the levers of the Turkish system over which he holds sway.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/16/erdogan-turkey-culture-war-right-wing-authoritarianism/
Teen sues TDSB, Toronto police after arrest in school lockdown, saying he was the ‘victim, not the perpetrator’

The Toronto Star

23-05-16 09:00


A teenager in Toronto is suing both the police and the public school board, after an incident saw him become the victim of an attack by fellow students, before being mistakenly accused of carrying a weapon, detained in custody without medical treatment and subsequently released without charge. The teenage student, Ahmaud Benjamin Cockburn, claims that the TDSB and the Toronto Police Services Board have acted negligently. He is now seeking CAD 2m ($1.5m) in compensation. The growing numbers of gun-related incidents in schools in the US and Canada has been captured in the media of late, with such incidents reaching their highest levels for more than two decades. A pan-Canadian conference on the subject held in July concluded that a broader approach focused on education, rather than a law-enforcement response was necessary. Schools have been said to require more funding to address safety issues, and to investigate and prevent conflicts that contribute to such incidents.

https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2023/05/16/teen-sues-tdsb-toronto-police-after-arrest-in-school-lockdown-saying-he-was-the-victim-not-the-perpetrator.html
Rudy Giuliani said he and Trump were selling pardons, ex-aide claims

The Independent

23-05-16 08:53


Donald Trump and Rudy Giuliani allegedly offered to sell presidential pardons for $2m each while they were in office, according to court documents filed by Noelle Dunphy, a former aide to Giuliani. The papers allege that Dunphy was subject to sexual assault, harassment, wage theft and other misconduct by Giuliani, while also claiming that Giuliani told Dunphy of the pardoning scheme. No existing evidence suggests Trump and Giuliani took payments for pardons granted during Trump’s presidency, with a separate former CIA officer previously reporting he was told by an associate of Giuliani that he could receive a pardon for $2m.

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/rudy-giuliani-selling-pardons-b2339652.html
Ex-Audi chief Rupert Stadler admits role in diesel scandal

Deutsche Welle

23-05-16 08:04


Former Audi CEO Rupert Stadler has confessed his role in the diesel emissions scandal in court in Munich in exchange for a €1.1m ($1.21m) fine and a suspended sentence. If Stadler had not admitted his part in the scandal, he faced a prison sentence of one to two-and-a-half years. Stadler was arrested in 2018 and charged in 2019 along with three others from Volkswagen Group for knowingly selling vehicles with cheat devices used to manipulate emissions tests between 2014 and 2015. The VW emissions scandal, first uncovered in 2015 by the US Environmental Protection Agency, has resulted in billions of dollars in settlements and recalls.

https://www.dw.com/en/ex-audi-chief-rupert-stadler-admits-role-in-diesel-scandal/a-65635019
How Garland’s release of Trump-Russia probe report differed from Barr’s

Washington Post

23-05-16 08:00


US Attorney General Merrick Garland’s handling of special counsel John Durham’s report differed markedly from that of his predecessor. William P. Barr was criticised for his handling of the final report from then-special counsel Robert S. Mueller III. When the long-awaited Mueller report was delivered in 2019, it moved slowly from Barr’s desk to the public, as redactions had to be made. Durham’s report moved fast from Garland’s desk to Congress and then the public. This time, the report was an unclassified document with a 29-page classified appendix that has not been made public, and there are no ongoing investigations from Durham’s work. Durham was asked to examine whether anyone at the FBI violated laws while investigating the 2016 Trump campaign. He found no major new ground and did not find criminal culpability. The end of Durham’s special counsel assignment drew immediate comparisons to the fractious finale of ­Mueller’s work.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/05/16/garland-durham-barr-mueller/