War (6do encyclopedia)



Introduction

War is a state of armed conflict between two or more nations, states or groups of people. It is a complex phenomenon that has shaped human history, society, and culture. Wars can arise due to political, economic, social, or religious issues, and they can have a significant impact on the lives of people, nations, and the world at large. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of war, including its origins, causes, types, and effects.

Origins of War

The origins of war can be traced back to the beginning of human civilization. Conflict has been a constant presence throughout history, and the reasons for this are many and varied. One of the primary causes of war is competition for resources, such as land, water, and food. As societies grew and populations increased, so did the competition for these resources, leading to conflicts and wars.

Another contributing factor to the origins of war is the nature of human beings. Humans are inherently competitive, and this desire to compete often leads to conflict. In addition, the desire for power, status, and prestige can also fuel the flames of war, as individuals or groups seek to gain or maintain their dominance over others.

Causes of War

The causes of war are multifaceted and complex. They often involve a combination of political, economic, social, and ideological factors. Political factors, such as competition for power, influence, or territory, can be a significant driver of war. Economic factors, such as resource scarcity or wealth inequality, can also play a role. Social factors, such as ethnic or religious tensions, can lead to conflicts that escalate into war. Ideological factors, such as nationalism or imperialism, can also drive nations or groups to war.

Types of War

There are several types of war, each with its distinct characteristics and features. The most common types of wars include:

  1. Conventional War: This is a type of war that involves the use of conventional weapons, such as guns, bombs, and tanks.

  2. Guerrilla War: This is a type of war that is fought by irregular forces, such as guerrilla fighters or insurgents, who use hit-and-run tactics to harass and weaken their opponents.

  3. Civil War: This is a type of war that occurs within a country, where different groups or factions fight for control of the government or territory.

  4. Proxy War: This is a type of war where two or more nations or groups support opposing sides in a conflict, without directly engaging in the fighting themselves.

  5. Cyber War: This is a type of war that involves the use of computer technology to attack or defend against a target.

Effects of War

The effects of war can be catastrophic and long-lasting. Depending on the scope and intensity of the conflict, wars can cause significant physical, emotional, and economic damage. Some of the most common effects of war include:

  1. Loss of life and injury: Wars can result in the deaths of thousands or even millions of people. They can also cause physical injuries, disabilities, and emotional trauma for those who survive.

  2. Destruction of infrastructure: Wars can cause significant damage to infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, and bridges, leading to widespread economic disruption and hardship.

  3. Displacement of people: Wars can force people to flee their homes and seek refuge elsewhere, leading to displacement, refugee crises, and population movements.

  4. Environmental damage: Wars can cause significant environmental damage, such as deforestation, pollution, and destruction of ecosystems.

Conclusion

In summary, war is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has shaped human history in profound ways. It can arise due to a variety of factors, including competition for resources, political and ideological differences, as well as human nature. The impacts of war can be devastating and long-lasting, including loss of life, physical and emotional trauma, displacement, and environmental damage. It is essential that we continue to work towards peace and conflict resolution to avoid the catastrophic consequences of war.


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Biden to meet Kishida on Thursday in Hiroshima: White House

Nikkei Asia

23-05-15 00:41


US President Joe Biden will meet with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida in Hiroshima on Thursday ahead of the upcoming Group of Seven (G7) summit. Discussions will likely include the countries' response to China's growing presence in the Indo-Pacific region and Russia's conflict in Ukraine, as well as celebrating the strength of the US-Japan security alliance. Biden's visit to Hiroshima will make him the second sitting US president to visit the city after it was destroyed by an atomic bomb in the Second World War.

https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/G-7-in-Japan/Biden-to-meet-Kishida-on-Thursday-in-Hiroshima-White-House
FirstFT: Tight race for Turkish presidency

Financial Times

23-05-14 22:19


Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu are believed to be in a tight race for Turkey's presidency with neither candidate having the 50% required to win outright. Thus, it is likely to go to a second round re-runoff in two weeks' time. The polling data collected thus far indicates that Erdoğan has received just under 50% of the vote, whereas Kılıçdaroğlu trails behind at 44%. However, Kılıçdaroğlu's allies have objected to the data, stating that it does not include territories where the opposition performed better.

https://www.ft.com/content/a23f6566-0eaf-4389-8a9f-d70cbbd6fc09
Rebuilding a community: Hiroshima after the bomb

Japan Times

23-05-14 22:00


Hiroshima's history of overcoming tragedy and rebuilding will be highlighted at the forthcoming G7 summit in the city, as geopolitical tensions rise in many parts of the world amidst ever-growing fears of nuclear war. Almost 92% of all buildings in the city were destroyed or burnt, whilst roughly 140,000 people, or 40% of the city's population at the time, died within a year of the atomic bomb exploding in 1945. Discussion topics at the forthcoming summit feature global issues including terrorism, refugees and climate change, with mounting concerns over nuclear threats closing the two-day talks.

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/05/15/national/history/hiroshima-bombing-reconstruction/
‘Focus on substance’: Q&A with David Coleman

The Sydney Morning Herald

23-05-14 20:41


Sydney Morning Herald and The Age run a weekly Q&A series where leading figures in Australian media, business, sport, federal politics, radio, television and culture are interviewed. This week, David Coleman, the Federal Member for Banks and Shadow Minister for Communications, talked about his career in the internet industry, where it is believed senior roles could be entered without much prior experience during the 1990s. Other topics discussed included his daily news media habits, Guilty streaming pleasure, and the three things he could not live without.

https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace/focus-on-substance-q-and-a-with-david-coleman-20230514-p5d88a.html
Raw videos of violent incidents in Texas rekindle debate about graphic images

Washington Post

23-05-14 17:35


The recent publication of vile images of crime scenes on social media sites, such as Twitter, has reignited a long-standing debate regarding how much gore should be shown in the media. Following the recent mass shootings in Allen, Texas and Brownsville, Texas, in which eight people were killed in each attack, well-known news organisations, including The Washington Post, refrained from publishing the graphic images. However, the images appeared on Twitter, YouTube, Reddit and other social media platforms. Although some people expressed understandable distress at the footage, others shared the videos claiming that they represent the reality of violence, police brutality and gun control in the US. There was heated debate as to the usefulness of publicising the details of such crimes, with many people arguing that is only insensitive to the grieving families of victims and that their “shareability” desensitizes us to the true horror of the events themselves. However, others argue that if shared in the correct way, these images about dehumanizing violence can spur much-needed change.

Some argue that graphic images can be used to incite change, referencing the widely published photo of Emmett Till – a lynched 14-year-old, which played a key role in building the civil rights movement. Similarly, others believe that the explicit photos of torture by U.S. soldiers at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, may have contributed to a shift in public opinion against the war. So, while there is a clear understanding of the visceral power of such images, some argue that considering the mass proliferation of photos and videos of violence, the concept of “less is more” may have to be applied.

Journalism historians have found that mass shooting victims have been published even less frequently than grisly pictures of war dead, because “mass shootings happen to ‘us,’ while war is happening ‘over there,’ to ‘them,’” said Michael Griffin, a professor of media and cultural studies at Macalester College who studies media practices regarding war and conflict. “So there’s much more resistance to publication of grisly images of mass shootings, much more sensitivity to the feelings” of families of victims. The decision of whether and when to show such graphic images remains a highly complex issue.


https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/05/14/violence-graphic-images-texas/

China Probes Comedian For Mocking Xi Jinping Military Slogan

Bloomberg

23-05-16 04:19


Chinese comedian Li Haoshi, known professionally as House, has been suspended by Shanghai Xiaoguo Culture Media after making a joke about two dogs embodying the work ethic of a Xi Jinping military slogan. Nationalists in China criticised Li’s performance, causing a Beijing authorities’ investigation into the talk show company to be launched. In an audio clip of the performance posted to social media, Li compared the behaviour of two wild dogs to Xi’s eight-character slogan from a 2013 People’s Liberation Army national legislative session. The slogan featured in a popular military song. Xiaoguo issued a statement saying Li had been suspended indefinitely, while Li apologised for his “inappropriate” analogy. The Communist Party’s mouthpiece, People’s Daily, condemned House for “offending” the PLA and called for limits on what performers can say. China implemented a law in August 2021 criminalising insults against military personnel.

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-16/china-probes-comedian-for-mocking-xi-jinping-military-slogan?srnd=next-china
The Greek MEGACYCLE

Financial Times

23-05-16 09:19


Barclays analysts have published a new report on Greece arguing that it is on the verge of a "third economic megacycle" that is irrespective of who wins the general election next week. The first megacycle took place between the 1950s and the mid-1970s, whilst the second continued in the mid-1980s, accelerating in earnest after the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. At the end of the second megacycle, Greece built substantial imbalances. Thankfully, today, three key dynamics point to the prospect of a third megacycle. Globally, services are becoming more tradeable, Europe is searching for cross-EU policies ahead to address the challenges facing it, and Greece is starting from a low level of activity.

https://www.ft.com/content/2896cce4-e924-4810-b639-ce385bb6ab3f
Five Germans handed jail sentence for Green Vault jewel heist

Reuters

23-05-16 09:18


Five men involved in a jewel heist at a museum in Dresden have been sentenced to several years in prison. The break-in at the Green Vault museum in 2019 resulted in the theft of more than 4,300 diamonds with an estimated value of over €113m ($135m). The stolen items included a breast star of the Polish Order of the White Eagle and an ornate diamond headpiece. The court heard that the men sawed through part of a window grating to gain entry. Most of the stolen jewels have been recovered. The Dresden collection was originally assembled in the 18th century by Augustus the Strong of Saxony.

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/five-germans-handed-jail-sentence-green-vault-jewel-heist-2023-05-16/
Her Novel Became a Best Seller. The Trouble: The Manuscript Was Stolen.

NY Times

23-05-16 09:00


R.F. Kuang's novel, "Yellowface," follows June Hayward who is white and tries to restart her writing career following the failure of her debut novel. Athena Liu, June's friend, is a successful Asian-American writer who has secured a TV deal with a prestigious publisher. June steals an unpublished manuscript of Athena's war epic, "The Last Front," from her desk after she dies in a freak accident. June decides to pass the novel off as her own, making it more palatable for a white audience. The novel critiques commercial publishing, skewering its vagaries. The book's narrator, June Hayward, is unreliable, and whilst the book presents an addictive read, it does not offer much to readers hoping for revelations or ambiguity. Art Monster stories, such as 'Yellowface,' probe the boundaries between art and life and the question of to whom a story belongs. The book could have been more genre-fluid for readers, with sharper satire, scarier horror and more haunting ghost stories.

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/16/books/review/yellowface-rf-kuang.html?searchResultPosition=2
‘The longest and loud­est shelling in Kyiv since the war be­gan’

Al Jazeera

23-05-16 08:48


For Ukrainians living in Kyiv, hearing artillery shells exploding nearby is a rare but terrifying experience. However, this event happens hundreds of times less frequently than dying from a car crash. After nearly 15 months of war in eastern Ukraine, the author of this article in The Guardian describes their thinking as being too rational and only being able to imagine a snake-like missile devastating their apartment in their sleep.

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/16/the-longest-and-loudest-shelling-in-kyiv-since-the-war-began
Putin’s war revives Russia’s dark tradition of informers

Japan Times

23-05-16 08:24


Informing on fellow citizens has increased in Russia since the country’s invasion of Ukraine. Anna Korobkova claims to have spent the past year informing the authorities of those who oppose the conflict, filing 1,013 “donosys” or denunciations, driven by ideology rather than material gain. Though she is one of the most active, there are thought to be growing numbers of similar people alerting the authorities to dissent, driving fresh efforts to stamp out opposition in all aspects of society. Informants are playing a critical role in the government’s crackdown on war critics, and there has been a recent increase in complaints to the Internet censor regarding “fake” information about the war posted online.

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/05/16/world/putin-war-informers-tradition-revive/
Russia ‘destroys’ key US-supplied air defence system in largest bombardment of Kyiv

Telegraph

23-05-16 13:17


Russia has claimed to have destroyed a key US-supplied Patriot air defence system in Ukraine with a hypersonic Kinzhal missile. If verified, the news would come as a costly blow to Ukraine. However, Kiev says that it managed to down all six "unstoppable" Kinzhal missiles fired overnight. The six Kinzhals were among 18 ballistic missiles Russia launched right after its drone and missile volleys this month, which Ukraine has been widely shooting down. It was the first time Ukraine had claimed to have taken down a volley of multiple hypersonic missiles.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/05/16/russia-destroys-key-us-supplied-air-defence-system-kyiv/
Council of Europe leaders gather to show united face against Russia

RFI

23-05-16 13:06


The Council of Europe (CoE) summit, being held in Reykjavik, Iceland, has considered holding Russia legally responsible for the death and destruction caused by its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The summit, only the fourth in the CoE’s 70-year history, has seen the suspension of Russia’s membership as a direct result of the invasion. Attendees have discussed possible measures against Russia, including the creation of a dedicated tribunal to try leaders and commanders in The Hague, and the establishment of a register to record the damage caused by Russia.

https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20230516-council-of-europe-leaders-gather-to-show-united-face-against-russia
Fighting escalates as factions battle in Sudan capital

The Globe and Mail

23-05-16 11:58


Air strikes and artillery fire increased across Sudan’s capital Khartoum, as the local army sought to regain control of bases from paramilitary rivals that it has been fighting for more than a month. The fighting, which has caused a large scale humanitarian crisis, is the result of disputes over plans for the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to join the army and the future chain of command under a political transition towards civilian rule. The conflict has displaced over 700,000 people and 200,000 have fled into neighbouring countries. It has threatened to destabilise the region, leading to fears of wider political instability in Africa.

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-fighting-escalates-as-factions-battle-in-sudan-capital/
U.S. debt default to challenge, or enhance, dollar as safe haven: analysts

Nikkei Asia

23-05-16 17:45


The US may soon default on its debt due to political gridlock, which could lead to a pummeling of stock prices and a run on banks, and while the impact on the dollar is uncertain, it could enhance the currency's safe-haven status as money flocks towards stable investments. The dollar has been the world's major reserve currency since World War II, but views are mixed as to whether a default would further strengthen its status.

https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/U.S.-debt-default-to-challenge-or-enhance-dollar-as-safe-haven-analysts
Putin, Zelensky agree to separate meetings with delegation of African leaders to discuss possible plan to end war

The Globe and Mail

23-05-16 16:44


South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has announced plans to create an African delegation of leaders to meet with Russia’s President Vladimir Putin and Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelensky. The discussions will aim to discuss a plan to end Ukraine’s 15-month war with proposed talks taking place in Moscow and Kyiv. While the details of the talks and their timing haven’t been released, Ramaphosa stated that Zambia, Senegal, Congo, Uganda, and Egypt would make up the delegation along with him. South Africa has claimed to remain neutral on the war and has also maintained relations with the United States.

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-zelensky-agree-to-separate-meetings-with-delegation-of-african/
Former MI6 boss warns Britain has ‘lost its way’ without Cold War threat

The Independent

23-05-16 16:40


Former head of MI6, Sir Richard Dearlove, has said that Britain has lost confidence without the Cold War threat. Speaking at the National Conservatism conference in Westminster, he said that the country had lost “cohesion and motivation” and that “minority views amplified by social media have been allowed disproportionate political and social space so that the mainline political and social debate has become seriously distorted by fringe movements”. Sir Richard also claimed that only a revolution could end the threat from Russia.

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/britain-mi6-soviet-russia-china-westminster-b2339987.html
Ukraine: The Latest - 'The hotel shook from over a dozen explosions'.

Telegraph

23-05-16 16:29


Kyiv officials say six hypersonic missiles were launched at the city and shot down, but there is no evidence of the incident. International monitors and journalists denied reports of any such missile attack. The Ukrainian government has not commented on the alleged attack. Experts say claims of such a missile strike are highly unlikely, and would be a significant escalation of the conflict.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/16/the-hotel-shook-from-over-a-dozen-explosions/
Searching for the ghosts of the Dambusters – 80 years on

Telegraph

23-05-16 15:52


The 80th anniversary of the RAF's raid on German dams during the Second World War will be commemorated in a variety of ways, including a flyover by the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight from the RAF Museum in north London over the Lincolnshire airfields where the 19 Lancasters departed from, and a series of tours at the Duxford arm of the Imperial War Museum. The Petwood Hotel in Lincolnshire, which was formerly the Officers' Mess of the RAF's 617 Squadron, will also be a place of pilgrimage for those wanting to remember the team that took part in the raid. A life-sized steel sculpture of a Lancaster bomber, similar to the Angel Of The North, is also planned for installation at Hill Holt Wood in Lincolnshire.Devotion to the Second World War and its veterans is particularly strong in Lincolnshire, which was home to many RAF airbases during the conflict. The international Bomber Command Centre, near Lincoln, serves as a tribute to those lost on bombing missions, but the closure of RAF Scampton this year has caused some disquiet among locals who fear that the base's history will be erased. The site housed Gibson's office - complete with pipe, ashtray and model of his beloved dog - until it was closed. The dog's remains, which are buried on the base, may have to be moved, sparking local controversy.

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/dambusters-tour-80th-anniversary/