土耳其语(六度百科)230508



土耳其语是一种主要在土耳其以及塞浦路斯、阿塞拜疆、伊拉克和伊朗部分地区使用的语言。欧洲、北美和澳大利亚的土耳其移民社区也使用这种语言。该语言是突厥语系的成员,在全球拥有超过8000万使用者。

历史

土耳其的历史可以追溯到8世纪,当时乌古斯部落首次从东欧迁移到中亚。据信,原始突厥语从公元前3世纪开始在该地区使用,尽管该语言的最早记录证据来自公元6世纪。古突厥语是土耳其语最早的文献形式,是用鄂尔浑文字书写的,在今天的蒙古发现了这种文字的铭文,可追溯到8世纪。

土耳其语在其整个历史中经历了重大变化。在从11世纪持续到13世纪的塞尔柱帝国时期,土耳其语开始注入阿拉伯语和波斯语词汇。这导致了一种被称为奥斯曼土耳其语的土耳其语形式,从 14 世纪到 20 世纪初解体,它是奥斯曼帝国的官方语言。

在1920年代,土耳其经历了由现代土耳其国家的创始人穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克领导的现代化时期。作为这一进程的一部分,对土耳其语进行了改革和简化,目的是提高识字率,使普通民众更容易使用该语言。土耳其语的新形式是用拉丁字母书写的,而不是奥斯曼土耳其语中使用的阿拉伯字母。

音韵学

土耳其语的音韵学相对简单,只有8个元音和21个辅音。元音的发音有明显的长音和短音,语言也有元音和谐,单词中的元音必须在前部或后部匹配。土耳其语中的辅音与英语中的辅音相似,尽管英语中不存在一些其他声音。

土耳其语音韵学的一个有趣特征是元音O的存在八种形式,每种形式的发音略有不同,具体取决于其在单词中的位置和周围的声音。

语法

土耳其语最独特的方面之一是它的语法。该语言具有高度凝集的结构,这意味着单词是通过在根词中添加一系列后缀来形成的。例如,单词ev,意思是“房子”,可以通过添加后缀-imiz(我们的),-de(in)和-e(位置结尾)转换为evimizde,意思是“在我们的房子里”。

土耳其语语法的另一个重要方面是它使用元音和谐。除了匹配元音的前部或后部外,土耳其语还要求添加到单词中的后缀与词根的元音和谐相匹配。例如,如果根词以前元音结尾,则添加到单词的后缀也必须包含前元音。

土耳其语也使用后置词而不是介词,这意味着表示位置或方向的单词位于它修饰的单词之后。例如,英语句子“我要去商店”在土耳其语中表示为“Ben markete gidiyorum”,后置词-e表示行动的方向。

词汇

现代土耳其语词汇主要来自突厥语系,但也包括许多来自阿拉伯语、波斯语、法语和英语的借词。在1930年代,土耳其语经历了语言净化的过程,许多外来词被源自土生土长的突厥语根的新词所取代。

土耳其语词汇以其广泛使用后缀而著称,后缀允许创建具有细微含义的复杂单词。例如,单词çiçekçi,意思是“花店”,由词根çiçek组成,意思是“花”,后缀-çi,意思是“卖家”或“供应商”。

土耳其语还包括许多该语言独有的习语和谚语。例如,成语 çevir kazığı,翻译为“旋转木桩”,用于描述欺骗或欺骗他人的人。

文字

如前所述,土耳其语是使用拉丁字母书写的,并针对土耳其语进行了一些添加和更改。字母表由 29 个字母组成,包括附加字母 ç、ğ、ı、ö、ş 和 ü。

虽然奥斯曼土耳其语是使用阿拉伯文字书写的,但 20 世纪初的改革导致采用了拉丁字母。新的书写系统大大提高了土耳其的识字率,因为拉丁字母比阿拉伯字母更容易学习和使用更广泛。

结论

土耳其语是一种迷人的语言,拥有丰富的历史和独特的结构。其高度凝集的语法和后缀的广泛使用使其成为一种具有挑战性的语言,但也允许创建具有细微含义的复杂单词。该语言对元音和谐、后置词和拉丁字母的使用也使其与该地区的其他语言区分开来。

今天,土耳其语仍然是土耳其和全世界的重要语言,既是交流手段,也是全球土耳其人的文化试金石。随着土耳其的不断发展壮大,土耳其语无疑将继续发展和繁荣。


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