central america （6do encyclopedia）

[brief (簡報編譯)]

Central America is a geographical and cultural region composed of seven countries located between North America and South America. This region is known for its diverse landscapes, ancient ruins, lively music, and vibrant culture. The seven countries that make up Central America are Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

Geography

Central America is a narrow strip of land that connects North America and South America. The region spans from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia and is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The total land area of Central America is approximately 522,760 square kilometers, and its population is over 50 million people.

The geography of Central America is diverse, with a mixture of mountains, valleys, rainforests, and beaches. The region is home to several active volcanoes, including Volcán Barú in Panama, which rises to a height of 3,475 meters, making it the highest point in the country. The largest lake in Central America, Lake Nicaragua, is located in Nicaragua and is home to several islands, including the famous Isla de Ometepe.

History

Central America has a rich history that dates back to the Mayan civilization, which existed from 2000 BC to 1500 AD. The Mayans were known for their advanced writing system, mathematical system, and astronomical knowledge. They built impressive pyramids, temples, and ball courts, many of which still stand today.

During the colonial period, Central America was under the control of Spain and served as a source of wealth for the Spanish Empire. After several uprisings and battles, including the Battle of San Jacinto in Nicaragua and the Battle of La Trinidad in Honduras, Central America gained independence from Spain on September 15, 1821.

Since gaining independence, the region has experienced periods of political instability and civil war. In recent years, however, many of the Central American countries have made significant progress in terms of democracy and economic development.

Culture

Central America is known for its vibrant culture, which is a blend of indigenous, European, and African influences. The region is famous for its music, dance, art, and literature.

One of the most popular musical genres in Central America is salsa, a dance music that originated in Cuba and spread throughout the region in the 1960s and 1970s. Other popular musical styles include reggaeton, cumbia, and merengue.

Central American cuisine is also famous worldwide. Some of the most typical dishes include Pupusas, a corn tortilla filled with cheese, beans, or meat; Gallo Pinto, a rice-and-beans dish often served as breakfast; and Tamales, a steamed corn dough filled with a variety of ingredients, such as chicken, pork, or vegetables.

Tourism

Central America is a popular tourist destination due to its natural beauty, rich history, and cultural diversity. The region offers a wide range of activities for travelers, from hiking and birdwatching to scuba diving and surfing.

One of the most popular tourist destinations in Central America is Costa Rica, which is known for its natural beauty and eco-tourism. The country has several national parks, such as Manuel Antonio National Park and Corcovado National Park, where visitors can hike, watch wildlife, and enjoy the stunning scenery.

Another popular tourist destination is Panama, which is home to the famous Panama Canal. Visitors can take a tour of the canal and learn about its history and operation.

Conclusion

Central America is a region of great cultural and natural diversity that offers visitors a unique experience. From its ancient ruins to its stunning beaches, from its vibrant music to its delicious cuisine, Central America has something to offer everyone. Whether you are a history buff, an adventure seeker, or just looking for a relaxing vacation, Central America is the perfect destination.

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[brief (簡報編譯)]

Crossing jungle and desert, migrants navigate a sea of misinformation

Washington Post

23-05-14 09:00

As the Title 42 policy ended, Venezuelan migrants traveling to the United States through Central and South America have been left confused by conflicting information spread on social media platforms. The policy, which was part of the Covid-19 regulations, previously allowed border officials to deport immigrants who entered the US illegally. As social media and messaging platforms continue to be the primary means of communication for the traveling community, migrants have spoken about receiving different and unclear information. One video on TikTok was viewed 17.4 million times and claimed that anyone entering the US would not face expulsion from the country, while another video warned of immediate deportation after arrival. Despite these rumors, US officials are warning migrants that they could be subjected to deportation, prosecution for illegal entry, and be barred for up to five years.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/14/title-42-migrant-rumors-tiktok-whatsapp/

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‘In the hands of God’: One Venezuelan family’s journey to the US

The Toronto Star

23-05-14 07:41

The new restrictions on asylum that went into effect in the US on 15 July have left asylum seekers struggling to enter the US. The policy is aimed at discouraging illegal migration, but critics argue it fails to address the root causes of the problem, such as poverty, violence and political persecution. Meanwhile, thousands of people continue to migrate. Venezuelan Luis López, a 34-year-old asylum seeker who was lost in Panama’s Darien Gap last year with his pregnant wife, two young children and grandmother, has found shelter with El Paso’s Catholic diocese as he waits for his asylum hearing.

https://www.thestar.com/news/world/us/2023/05/14/in-the-hands-of-god-one-venezuelan-familys-journey-to-the-us.html

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Asylum-seekers from Mexico hope for U.S. entry after Title 42 end

Reuters

23-05-13 17:09

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The US government has eliminated Title 42 which prevented migrants from applying for US asylum due to COVID-19 restrictions at the borders. Despite this, the Biden administration has implemented a new regulation that will presume most migrants are not eligible for asylum if they failed to use legal pathways for US entry. Many asylum-seekers, including Mexican women and children, have waited in US shelters for months for the opportunity to enter the US. Advocates have claimed that the new regulations violate international laws and are similar to restrictions imposed by former US President Donald Trump.

https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/asylum-seekers-mexico-hope-us-entry-after-title-42-end-2023-05-13/

[brief (簡報編譯)]

‘All we want is to be safe’: Migrants push north after end of Title 42

The Toronto Star

23-05-13 16:24

The end of pandemic-era border restrictions is unlikely to deter migrants from the America's moving north, according to the International Crisis Group. Employment and life quality are the main motivators for migrants such as Gerardo Escobar, a Venezuelan who headed to Mexico in search of work. The lifting of Title 42, a public health law that allowed millions of migrants to be rapidly expelled from the US, will not lead to an influx of people being able to gain asylum, instead new stricter rules have been imposed. Ultimately, the root causes of migration, such as poverty and violence, have not been addressed.

https://www.thestar.com/news/world/americas/2023/05/13/all-we-want-is-to-be-safe-migrants-push-north-after-end-of-title-42.html

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End of Title 42 hasn’t stopped migrants’ push north to US from Central America and Mexico

Associated Press

23-05-13 16:23

Mixed messages are leading some asylum seekers in the US to believe that new policies may prevent them from gaining entry, but migrants continue to press forward to reach Mexico and make their way across the Rio Grande into the US, despite harsher penalties and the risk of being blocked. For many, fleeing violence, extortion and poverty in their home countries poses far greater risks than those inherent in trying to reach the US. Although the Biden administration has abandoned former president Trump's "Title 42" expulsion policy, new restrictions are expected to make unauthorised crossings more perilous.

https://apnews.com/article/mexico-title-42-migration-border-biden-4e8135134ebd77aa23d4a657cf24ef88

[brief (簡報編譯)]

American cities reach ‘breaking point’ as migrant crisis heads north

The Sydney Morning Herald

23-05-15 22:55

Asylum seekers are flowing into cities in the US, including Washington, Denver and New York, and the burden on infrastructure is reaching breaking point, according to local leaders. Washington has seen buses filled with dozens of migrants arriving outside Vice President Kamala Harris’ residence due to Republican governor Greg Abbott’s practice which seeks to give Democratic cities a taste of what border towns are experiencing. Mayor Michael Hancock said Denver has already spent over $17m on supporting migrants to arrive in the Colorado capital. In New York, where more than 4,200 asylum seekers arrived in the past week, Governor Kathy Hochul wants asylum seekers to be housed on federal land.

https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/american-cities-reach-breaking-point-as-migrant-crisis-heads-north-20230516-p5d8mo.html

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Anti-corruption newspaper shuts down after ‘press freedom hero’ jailed

Washington Post

23-05-15 22:30

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El Periódico, a newspaper that has exposed corruption in the Guatemalan government and other institutions, has closed due to an escalating wave of repression against independent journalism in Central America. In the case of El Periódico, not only is its founder and publisher, José Rubén Zamora, in prison, four of his defense attorneys have also been detained on criminal charges. Six reporters and three columnists are under investigation. Independent media in Central America are facing some of their most difficult moments since several of the region’s countries transitioned from dictatorship to democracy two decades ago. The storied Nicaraguan daily La Prensa, edited by generations of the Chamorro family, also left the country in 2022 after its publisher and journalists were imprisoned or harassed by the government of Daniel Ortega. In El Salvador, the investigative publication El Faro recently moved its administrative headquarters to Costa Rica, saying that its journalists had been targeted with spyware attacks, threats and “fabricated criminal accusations” during President Nayib Bukele’s crackdown on gangs.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/15/guatemala-periodico-closes-gianmattei/

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Canadian airline WestJet starts to cancel flights as pilot strike looms, negotiations in stalemate

Associated Press

23-05-18 17:56

Canada's second-biggest airline, WestJet, has cancelled flights as it grapples with an impasse in talks with unions. About 1,800 pilots at the carrier and its Swoop subsidiary could strike after the Air Line Pilots Association issued a strike notice earlier this week. Monday is Canada's Victoria Day federal holiday. The Calgary-based airline, which flies to more than 110 destinations, carries 28% of the country's domestic market, while Air Canada carries 47%, according to aviation data firm Cirium. Passengers unable to book flights have been advised to visit WestJet’s webpage for updates.

https://apnews.com/article/westjet-strike-canada-airline-dcccc7e3b4e0826173d0a5e53dbf750b

[brief (簡報編譯)]

Why the End of Title 42 Means the End to a Secure Border

Heritage

23-05-19 03:04

The US is set to end the Title 42 policy, which allows for the immediate expulsion of those considered to have crossed the southern border illegally (1 May 2022). Critics warn this could worsen the country's border crisis with some suggesting opening more legal pathways for migration, while others have argued the Biden administration should pass new laws similar to Title 42 to allow for the expedited expulsion of illegal migrants, particularly in the absence of significant reforms to the ailing immigration system.

https://www.heritage.org/immigration/commentary/why-the-end-title-42-means-the-end-secure-border

[brief (簡報編譯)]

Economists, Elements, and Electric Vehicles

Heritage

23-05-19 02:49

The economic issues surrounding the use of electric vehicles (EVs) in the US, including their cost, convenience, and environmental impact, are outlined in a recent episode of the Heritage Foundation's Heritage Explains podcast. The Biden administration's new regulations requiring EVs to represent at least 54% of all new vehicles sold in 2030 will have an adverse economic impact on the country, the podcast's guest speaker warned. Furthermore, the reliance on China for EV production will make it economically stronger while weakening the US economy. Trillions of dollars would, therefore, be wasted on EV production to benefit China, which makes solar panels, wind turbines, and electric batteries.

https://www.heritage.org/energy-economics/heritage-explains/economists-elements-and-electric-vehicles

[brief (簡報編譯)]

Guatemala's presidential frontrunner thrown off ballot, promises appeal

Reuters

23-05-20 01:44

A judge in Guatemala has suspended the candidacy of frontrunner Carlos Pineda less than a month before the country's presidential election. Pineda, who pledged to appeal the ruling which he has claimed was undemocratic and follows the suspension of other candidates, accused the court of seeking to kick him off the ballot because he had refused to be "an ally of corruption".

https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/guatemalas-presidential-frontrunner-thrown-off-ballot-promises-appeal-2023-05-20/

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5 trade moves China has made in 2023 in the US’ backyard of Latin America

South China Morning Post

23-05-20 11:00

China has been strengthening its economic relations with Latin America as it seeks to build up a foreign trading network while ties with the US flounder. China is Latin America's second-largest trade partner after the US, with two-way commerce at a record high last year. Here are five ways China has recently made inroads in Latin America: a free-trade agreement with Ecuador; the cancellation of a Taiwanese free-trade agreement with El Salvador; 15 agreements made with Brazil, including the use of yuan to settle exchanges; Argentina's decision to pay for imports in yuan; and initial tariff cuts courted by Nicaragua.

https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3221178/5-trade-moves-china-has-made-2023-latin-america-traditional-backyard-us

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As the West surges toward electric cars, here’s where the unwanted gas guzzlers go

CNN

23-05-21 04:49

The West’s shift to electric vehicles could result in millions of gas-guzzling cars being exported to West Africa and other developing countries, where demand for used vehicles is growing. Benin is one of Africa’s top importers of used vehicles, many of which are shipped thousands of miles from countries such as Japan, South Korea, Europe and the United States. The global market for used light-duty vehicles grew by almost 20% from 2015 to 2019, when over 4.8 million were exported. In Kenya and Nigeria, for example, more than 90% of cars and trucks are used imports. As electric vehicles become more popular in developed countries, more older gas-powered models will be shipped overseas. Experts warn that this will divert climate and environmental problems to countries already vulnerable to climate change and damage their attempts to cut planet-warming pollution. Regulations aimed at reducing pollution and increasing safety for imported cars into West Africa have tended to be weak. But Benin and 14 other members of the Economic Community of West African States have agreed in principle to a set of vehicle emissions regulations in the region.

https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/21/africa/west-africa-benin-used-cars-climate-intl/index.html

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El Salvador soccer stadium stampede leaves 12 dead

Deutsche Welle

23-05-21 11:54

At least 12 people were killed and some 100 others were seriously injured in a stampede at a soccer stadium in El Salvador, following a match between FC Alianza and CD FAS; too many tickets were sold for the game. This marks the second deadly crush at a football match in six months, after a similar tragedy in Indonesia in October 2021. El Salvador President Nayib Bukele said that a "thorough investigation" would take place, warning "whoever the culprits are, they will not go unpunished."

https://www.dw.com/en/el-salvador-soccer-stadium-stampede-leaves-12-dead/a-65689972

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UN agency: 2M killed, $4.3 trillion in damages from extreme weather over past half-century

The Toronto Star

23-05-22 10:08

Extreme weather events over the past half-century have killed over 2 million people and caused economic damage of $4.3tn globally, according to the United Nations’ (UN) World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which has published an update to its Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes. The publication, which previously covered events from 1970 to 2019, includes over 12,000 events. Most countries have faced fewer events than in the previous review, but loss of life is still concentrated in the same areas and has risen in some places. The last decade was the deadliest recorded due to events, including Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and Cyclone Idai in 2019. Overall, natural disasters have killed 1.3 million people since 2000 and caused $2tn in economic losses. Extreme temperatures caused the most deaths, while flooding caused most of the economic losses. The US faced the largest financial burden, with total losses of $1.7tn, followed by China ($600bn), Japan ($230bn), India ($220bn) and Puerto Rico ($70bn).

https://www.thestar.com/news/world/europe/2023/05/22/un-agency-2m-killed-43-trillion-in-damages-from-extreme-weather-over-past-half-century.html

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9th Circuit reverses judge’s ruling striking down deportation law as racist

Associated Press

23-05-22 21:35

A US appeals court has overturned a decision in Nevada that labelled longstanding legislation as racist and unconstitutional. Section 1326 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which outlaws returning to the US after being deported, was deemed discriminatory against Latinos by a federal judge in the state in 2019. The ruling was a blow to campaigners who had hoped for changes to immigration law, but the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has now reversed that judgment, ruling the law "is facially neutral as to race".

https://apnews.com/article/immigration-deportation-illegal-entry-nevada-adbd3b62d59ea0336bb881be2b7ab220