芬兰(六度百科)230509



芬兰,正式名称为芬兰共和国,是一个位于北欧的国家。截至 2021 年,该国估计人口约为 550 万人,首都是赫尔辛基。与其他欧洲国家类似,芬兰有着复杂的历史,其地理位置、自然环境以及与邻国的历史互动塑造了芬兰的文化和传统。

地理
芬兰的土地面积约为338,440平方公里,是欧洲第八大国家,面积与德国相当。芬兰东部与俄罗斯接壤,北部与挪威接壤,西部与瑞典接壤,南部与爱沙尼亚接壤。除了边界外,芬兰湾和波的尼亚湾是重要的水域,在该国的经济和运输系统中发挥着重要作用。此外,芬兰以其广阔的群岛和数千个湖泊而闻名,使其成为钓鱼、划船和露营等户外活动的绝佳场所。该国独特的地理位置也意味着它经历了漫长而寒冷的冬季和温和的夏季。

历史
芬兰有着丰富而复杂的历史,受到数百年来占领这片土地的各种文化和社会的影响。芬兰最早记录的居民是萨米人,他们在大约9000年前从西伯利亚迁移到芬诺斯堪的亚北部。在中世纪时期,芬兰是包括瑞典王国和俄罗斯帝国在内的各种欧洲列强的战场。芬兰在瑞典统治下大约 700 年,直到 1800 年代于 1809 年割让给俄罗斯帝国。芬兰于 1917 年 12 月 6 日宣布脱离俄罗斯独立。

经济
芬兰拥有发达的经济体,名义国内生产总值约为 2300 亿美元(截至 2021 年),位居世界第 62 位。该国的主要产业包括技术、林产品和矿产。该国国内生产总值的很大一部分来自出口,主要出口产品是机械、木材和纸制品、化学产品和金属。芬兰经济还具有强大的公共部门的特点,在社会福利、医疗保健和教育方面进行了大量投资。

旅游
旅游业是芬兰经济的重要贡献者,近年来一直在增长。热门的旅游目的地包括赫尔辛基和其他主要城市,如坦佩雷和图尔库,以及该国美丽的自然景点,包括北极光、众多国家公园和数千个湖泊。此外,该国以其独特的体验而闻名,包括著名的芬兰桑拿浴室,遍布全国各地。远足、滑雪和滑冰等休闲活动也是受欢迎的旅游活动。

文化
芬兰的文化遗产多种多样,反映了其历史、地理和传统。该国拥有丰富的民俗遗产,包括传统音乐、舞蹈和讲故事。芬兰人以欣赏自然和户外活动而闻名,这在冰钓和越野滑雪等户外活动的普及中可见一斑。芬兰美食独具特色,其特点是使用当地食材,如鱼、浆果和蘑菇,以及卡累利阿馅饼和驯鹿炖菜等传统菜肴。

语言
芬兰的官方语言是芬兰语和瑞典语。芬兰语是芬兰-乌戈尔语系的成员,与爱沙尼亚语和匈牙利语有相似之处。少数人口使用瑞典语,特别是在沿海地区。英语在芬兰被广泛使用和理解,特别是在大城市和旅游区。

结论
芬兰是一个独特而迷人的国家,位于北欧,拥有独特的文化、丰富的历史和多样的地理环境。从深邃的森林和广阔的群岛到现代化的城市和高科技产业,芬兰可以为每个人提供一些东西。无论你对户外活动、文化体验还是探索这个国家的自然美景感兴趣,芬兰都是一个值得探索的目的地。


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俄罗斯将在无人机袭击后举行胜利日游行,安保严密

路透社

23-05-08 22:06


俄罗斯庆祝胜利日,标志着对纳粹德国的胜利,在莫斯科发生一系列无人机袭击事件后,在红场举行了高度安全的游行。基辅否认对无人机负责,克里米亚重返乌克兰将是乌克兰正在准备的反攻的主要焦点。普京将乌克兰战争比作苏联与纳粹德国的斗争,而乌克兰则指责俄罗斯发动无端侵略战争。胜利日是俄罗斯最重要的公共假日之一,在乌克兰数千名士兵死亡后,胜利日更加令人激动。

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-hold-victory-day-parade-amid-tight-security-after-drone-attacks-2023-05-08/
A change in Turkish leadership might not spell the end of ties with Russia

CNN

23-05-08 15:24


Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Russian President Vladimir Putin inaugurated Turkey’s first nuclear plant last month in a virtual ceremony. Erdogan’s Turkey has repositioned itself from a staunchly secular, Western-oriented nation to a more conservative, religiously oriented nation with stronger ties with Russia. Even if Erdogan were to be ousted in the polls, a foreign policy u-turn is not a given as core foreign policy issues are likely to remain unchanged. While figures close to the opposition have indicated that it would reorient Turkey back to the West if they were to win the election, there are likely to be limits to Turkey’s pivot back to the West given how deeply intertwined the Turkish and Russian economies have become, especially regarding energy. Erdogan’s foreign policy has been driven by economic considerations and that is likely to continue into the next government. Russia is also one of Turkey's biggest trade partners and it is located in Turkey's vicinity, factors that are likely to make good relations with Russia a priority regardless of the outcome of the election.

https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/08/middleeast/turkey-foreign-policy-elections-russia-mime-intl/index.html
Why Turkey’s upcoming elections matter so much for the world

华盛顿邮报

23-05-08 11:01


Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan faces his most serious political challenge since being elected in 2002 from his main opponent Kemal Kilicdaroglu. Polls have showed a neck-and-neck race between the two with skepticism remaining about Kilicdaroglu’s ability to pull off an upset over Erdogan. Erdogan's government has regulated the press and social media and tens of thousands of people are investigated every year for the crime of insulting the president. A law that passed last year imposes jail time on those distributing misinformation. Erdogan's campaign has rolled out economic appeasements including tax relief, cheap mortgage loans, energy subsidies and pledges not to raise road and bridge tolls to bolster his support. Defying Western allies, Erdogan has increased ties with Russia, has been accused of helping to destabilise the EU and is accused of blocking Sweden's bid of becoming a NATO member.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/08/turkey-elections-erdogan-opposition/
Eurovision Song Contest 2023: An overview

德国之声

23-05-08 10:00


Liverpool, UK is to host the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 after Great Britain stepped in after Ukraine was forced to withdraw. The event in two months’ time will feature 37 countries and has resulted in hotel and ticket prices increasing. Prices have risen by around 360%, according to a BonusCodeBets analysis which has taken account of Booking.com and Airbnb listings in the city. Refugees from Ukraine that have been displaced by the conflict can buy tickets to the Eurovision Song Contest for approximately €20 in order to attend the show that celebrates their heritage, culture and music.

https://www.dw.com/en/eurovision-song-contest-2023-an-overview/a-65525319
台湾需要商业帮助来加强其经济对中国的抵抗

外交政策

23-05-08 09:49


中國傷害台灣經濟的企圖正在受到關注,但許多人認為,如果利用國際合作,台灣強大的經濟可以抵禦灰色區的侵略。台湾的经济比乌克兰更大、更稳健,重工业和服务业为企业提供了在中断情况下依赖国际合作伙伴的选择。西方公司与台湾公司合作并同意承担其业务的关键部分,可能会向北京发出一个信息,即台湾具有弹性,并且有很多朋友。

台灣企業已經在加強抗力,台灣美國商會(American Chamber of Commerce in Taiwan)的一項調查顯示,88%的公司計劃在2023年維持或擴大在台灣的投資。如果中国的侵略确实扰乱了运营,国际企业合作伙伴可以接管生产和服务,以履行客户的核心义务。瑞典和芬蘭的經濟連續性計劃可以為台灣制定類似計劃提供模式。

西方政府可以向与台湾同行合作的公司提供税收减免和其他支持,发出盟国支持台湾的强烈信号,同时是一项完全和平的措施。由西方企业在其政府协助下组建的台湾经济防御联盟与军事联盟具有同等重要的象征意义。随着西方世界对台湾的普遍支持,公司有机会支持台湾,并在新的标签下创建“FreedomFirm”。


https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/05/08/taiwan-china-supply-chains-national-security/